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I have a Mac Pro 2,1 and I am stuck on Snow Leopard. The reason is that for a while Apple shipped the operating systems with both a 32-bit and a 64-bit version of the kernel. The Mac Pro 2,1 will never be able to run the 64-bit kernel because the EFFI32 boot rom just won't do it. Note: The headings on this list indicate the Macintosh System bundle names; the bullet points indicate the version of the System File included in that bundle. This is to make it clearer for people searching for specific bundle versions as opposed to System File versions. Finder File versions are not indicated. 1 Classic Mac OS 1.1 Macintosh System Software (0 - 0.3) 1.1.1 System File 1 1.1.2. RADIUS MAC Authentication. When you enable secondary authorization on your network, a wireless user first authenticates on the wireless network, and then the device used to connect to the network is authenticated to determine whether it is an authorized device. Android has support for 802.1X since the release of 1.6 Donut. Chrome OS has supported 802.1X since mid-2011. Mac OS X has offered native support since 10.3. Avenda Systems provides a supplicant for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. They also have a plugin for the Microsoft NAP framework. Avenda also offers health checking agents. Mac OS X Server v10.2系列の最終バージョンは、10.2.8であり、セキュリティアップデートは2005年1月で終了している。 Mac OS X Server 10.3. 2003年10月 - Mac OS X Server v10.3 (Panther Server) が発売された。.

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• Radius 1 Mac Os X
• Radius 1 Mac Os Catalina

The idea behind 802.1x is to provide Layer 2 authentication; that is, to authenticate LAN clients at the Ethernet layer. (This is before the client gets a DHCP lease or anything of that nature.) With 802.1x in place, rogue users can’t just tap into a physical connection on the network. In order to gain network connectivity, the device must authenticate before network traffic is allowed.

The idea here is to configure 802.1x authentication on a network switch in such a way as to leverage the existing authentication infrastructure provided by Active Directory. Like it or not, Active Directory is a widely deployed directory service and leveraging it where we can will certainly provide an advantage. This process uses RADIUS to provide an interface between a Cisco Catalyst 3560G switch (the 802.1x authenticator in this scenario) and Active Directory. I could only test Mac OS X as the client (or 802.1x supplicant), but I’m confident that the configuration will work equally well with Windows XP Professional.

Configuring the Cisco Catalyst 3560G

The Catalyst switch I used in this configuration was running IOS 12.2(25); please note that the commands listed here may be different in different versions of IOS.

To configure the switch for 802.1x authentication, three steps are involved:

1. Enable 802.1x authentication on the switch (global configuration).

2. Configure the RADIUS server(s) to which the switch will communicate for authentication requests.

3. Enable 802.1x authentication on the individual ports.

(This document from the Cisco web site was tremendously helpful in configuring 802.1x.)

First, to enable 802.1x authentication on the switch, use the following commands in global configuration mode:

This enables 802.1x globally on the switch, but none of the interfaces are enabled for 802.1x authentication. Next, we configure the RADIUS server(s) to which the switch will pass the 802.1x authentication traffic. That’s handled with these commands in global configuration mode:

(This should all be on one line.) Note that the “auth-port” and “acct-port” parameters are only necessary if you are using nonstandard ports. Since Microsoft’s IAS (Internet Authentication Service, which provides the RADIUS interface to Active Directory) uses both sets of standard ports (1645/1812 and 1646/1813) you won’t need to specify these parameters. The “key” parameter is a shared secret key between the RADIUS client (the switch) and the RADIUS server. Obviously, you’ll want to use something other than “Password”.

Finally, to enable 802.1x on the applicable interfaces, you’ll use these commands in interface configuration mode (replace gi0/23 with the interface you want to configure):

That enables 802.1x authentication on that specific port. Repeat the process for all ports that should use 802.1x authentication. Note that some ports can’t be enabled for 802.1x authentication; most notably, trunk ports can’t be used for 802.1x. Refer to the Cisco documentation (or the documentation from your particular vendor) for complete details on the limitations.

Now that the switch is configured, we move on to configuring Active Directory.

Configuring Active Directory and IAS

I suppose that saying we need to “configure Active Directory” isn’t entirely accurate, since no configuration changes and no schema extensions are necessary to make this work. All that really needs to be done is to enable reversible password encryption (which can be done on a per-user basis) and setup Internet Authentication Service (IAS).

First, regarding reversible password encryption: The configuration described here uses MD5 hashes (passwords) to authenticate clients to the network. There are other methods, such as digital certificates, to accomplish the same thing, and I’ll probably revisit this configuration again at a later date to look at using those. For now, though, the use of MD5 for authentication means that we have to enable reversible password encryption for every user that will need to authenticate via 802.1x, and those users will need to change their passwords after that change is made. A pain, yes, and a potential security concern, yes, but necessary at this point. (I won’t bother going through the details of enabling reversible password encryption here; there are plenty of resources available on the Internet, like this one, that provide that information.)

Configuring IAS is really pretty straightforward. I’ve discussed the use of IAS before (here in discussing Cisco PIX-AD integration and here regarding WatchGuard Firebox-AD integration), and I’ll refer you back to those articles for some of the basics on setting up and configuring IAS.

To configure IAS in this instance (once it has been installed and registered with Active Directory), we’ll do the following:

• Add the Cisco Catalyst switch as a RADIUS client. We’ll need to be sure to specify the same shared secret as used in the switch configuration.

• We’ll create a new remote access policy. The conditions on the policy should be “NAS-Port-Type” (set to Ethernet) and “Windows-Groups” (set to whatever group should be allowed to authenticate via 802.1x; I used Domain Users).

• The profile associated with this policy should be edited to note only the EAP MD5 authentication type (under “EAP Methods” on the Authentication tab); all other authentication types should be unchecked. In addition, all encryption types on the Encryption tab should be unchecked except for “No encryption”.

At this point, the IAS configuration should be complete. Now for the final step: configuring the client to use 802.1x.

Configuring the Client (Mac OS X)

As mentioned earlier, I didn’t have a physical Windows XP Professional-based machine to test with, but I did do some testing with Mac OS X. Although the software used to configure the operating system is different, the overall configuration is similar and should work without any major hitches on Windows XP.

To configure Mac OS X, launch the Internet Connect software in the Applications folder and follow these steps:

1. From the File menu, choose “New 802.1X Connection…'.

2. Specify a description and choose the appropriate network port (typically “Built-in Ethernet”).

3. Specify a username and password.

4. For authentication types, click to enable MD5 and move it to the top of the list. Uncheck all other authentication types.

5. Click OK to save the connection.

Once the connection has been defined, you can plug your OS X-based system into one of the 802.1x-enabled ports and click “Connect” in the Internet Connect window. If everything is configured correctly, you should be connected and be able to pass network traffic without any issues. If things don’t work, go back and check the switch configuration and the logs on the IAS/RADIUS server. In particular, the logs may indicate that an incorrect password was used, or you may be able to determine that the switch isn’t even talking to the IAS/RADIUS server (perhaps a typo in the server address?).

By the way, configuring Mac OS X to use 802.1x for wireless connections is equally easy and done the same way (using Internet Connect). I used to regularly use my MacBook Pro in an environment that used 802.1x and EAP-FAST/LEAP for wireless authentication with no problems.

Future enhancements to this configuration include switching from EAP-MD5 to something like EAP-TLS or PEAP; this will avoid the need to enable reversible password encryption on the domain.

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• 2RADIUS Client
• 3Connection Terminating from RADIUS
• 4Supported RADIUS Attributes

Summary

Sub-menu:/radius
Standards:RADIUS RFC 2865

RADIUS, short for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service, is a remote server that provides authentication and accounting facilities to various network apliances. RADIUS authentication and accounting gives the ISP or network administrator ability to manage PPP user access and accounting from one server throughout a large network. The MikroTik RouterOS has a RADIUS client which can authenticate for HotSpot, PPP, PPPoE, PPTP, L2TP and ISDN connections. The attributes received from RADIUS server override the ones set in the default profile, but if some parameters are not received they are taken from the respective default profile.

The RADIUS server database is consulted only if no matching user acces record is found in router's local database.

Traffic is accounted locally with MikroTik Traffic Flow and Cisco IP pairs and snapshot image can be gathered using Syslog utilities. If RADIUS accounting is enabled, accounting information is also sent to the RADIUS server default for that service.

RADIUS Client

This sub-menu allows to add/remove RADIUS clients.

Note: The order of added items in this list is significant.

Properties

Note: Microsoft Windows clients send their usernames in form domainusername

Note: When RADIUS server is authenticating user with CHAP, MS-CHAPv1, MS-CHAPv2, it is not using shared secret, secret is used only in authentication reply, and router is verifying it. So if you have wrong shared secret, RADIUS server will accept request, but router won't accept reply. You can see that with /radius monitor command, 'bad-replies' number should increase whenever somebody tries to connect.

Warning: If RadSec is enabled, make sure your RADIUS Server is using 'radsec' as the shared secret, otherwise RADIUS Server will not be able to decrypt data correctly (unprintable characters). With RadSec RouterOS forces the shared secret to 'radsec' regardless of what has been set manually (RFC6614). You can find configuration example with FreeRADIUS 3.x in the following link: https://wiki.geant.org/display/H2eduroam/freeradius3-flr

Example

• To setup a RADIUS Client for HotSpot and PPP services that will authenticate against a RADIUS Server (10.0.0.3), you need to do the following:

• To setup a RADIUS Client with RadSec, you need to do the following:

Note: Make sure the specified certificate is trusted.

• To view RADIUS Client statistics, you need to do the following:

• Make sure you enable RADIUS authentication for the desired services:

Connection Terminating from RADIUS

Sub-menu:/radius incoming

This facility supports unsolicited messages sent from RADIUS server. Unsolicited messages extend RADIUS protocol commands, that allow to terminate a session which has already been connected from RADIUS server. For this purpose DM (Disconnect-Messages) are used. Disconnect messages cause a user session to be terminated immediately.

Note: RouterOS doesn't support POD (Packet of Disconnect) the other RADIUS access request packet that performs a similar function as Disconnect Messages

Properties

Supported RADIUS Attributes

Here you can download the RADIUS reference dictionary, which incorporates all the needed RADIUS attributes. This dictionary is the minimal dictionary, which is enough to support all features of MikroTik RouterOS. It is designed for FreeRADIUS, but may also be used with many other UNIX RADIUS servers (eg. XTRadius).

Note: it may conflict with the default configuration files of RADIUS server, which have references to the Attributes, absent in this dictionary. Please correct the configuration files, not the dictionary, as no other Attributes are supported by MikroTik RouterOS.

There is also the RADIUS MikroTik specific dictionary that can be included in an existing dictionary to support MikroTik vendor-specific Attributes.

Definitions

• PPPs - PPP, PPTP, PPPoE and ISDN
• default configuration - settings in default profile (for PPPs) or HotSpot server settings (for HotSpot)

Access-Request

• Service-Type - always is 'Framed' (only for PPPs)
• Framed-Protocol - always is 'PPP' (only for PPPs)
• NAS-Identifier - router identity
• NAS-IP-Address - IP address of the router itself
• NAS-Port - this Attribute indicates the physical port number of the NAS which is authenticating the user.
• Acct-Session-Id - unique session ID. the first two symbols of session ID represent service (PPP, Hotspot, etc.). The next symbol is incremented on each reboot. The last group of symbols is incremented on each new session. This means, that you can not get the same ID for 1 million re-connects on the same boot for the same RADIUS type service.If you lose session stop message and RADIUS server does still keep the session open, but then receives another session start message, then it must be aware that stop message was lost, close old session and start a new session.
• NAS-Port-Type - async PPP - 'Async'; PPTP and L2TP - 'Virtual'; PPPoE - 'Ethernet'; ISDN - 'ISDN Sync'; HotSpot - 'Ethernet Cable Wireless-802.11' (according to the value of nas-port-type parameter in /ip hotspot p
• Calling-Station-Id - PPPoE and HotSpot- client MAC address in capital letters; PPTP and L2TP - client public IP address; ISDN - client MSN
• Called-Station-Id - PPPoE - service name; PPTP and L2TP - server IP address; ISDN - interface MSN; HotSpot - name of the HotSpot server
• NAS-Port-Id - async PPP - serial port name; PPPoE - ethernet interface name on which server is running; HotSpot - name of the physical HotSpot interface (if bridged, the bridge port name is showed here); not present for ISDN, PPTP and L2TP
• Framed-IP-Address - IP address of HotSpot client after Universal Client translation
• Mikrotik-Host-IP - IP address of HotSpot client before Universal Client translation (the original IP address of the client)
• User-Name - client login name
• MS-CHAP-Domain - User domain, if present
• Mikrotik-Realm - If it is set in /radius menu, it is included in every RADIUS request as Mikrotik-Realm attribute. If it is not set, the same value is sent as in MS-CHAP-Domain attribute (if MS-CHAP-Domain is missing, Realm is not included neither)
• WISPr-Location-ID - text string specified in radius-location-id property of the HotSpot server
• WISPr-Location-Name - text string specified in radius-location-name property of the HotSpot server
• WISPr-Logoff-URL - full link to the login page (for example, http://10.48.0.1/lv/logout)

Depending on authentication methods (NOTE: HotSpot uses CHAP by default and may use also PAP if unencrypted passwords are enabled, it can not use MSCHAP):

• User-Password - encrypted password (used with PAP authentication)
• CHAP-Password, CHAP-Challenge - encrypted password and challenge (used with CHAP authentication)
• MS-CHAP-Response, MS-CHAP-Challenge - encrypted password and challenge (used with MS-CHAPv1 authentication)
• MS-CHAP2-Response, MS-CHAP-Challenge - encrypted password and challenge (used with MS-CHAPv2 authentication)

Access-Accept

• Framed-IP-Address - IP address given to client. If address belongs to 127.0.0.0/8 or 224.0.0.0/3 networks, IP pool is used from the default profile to allocate client IP address. If Framed-IP-Address is specified, Framed-Pool is ignored
• Framed-IP-Netmask - client netmask. PPPs - if specified, a route will be created to the network Framed-IP-Address belongs to via the Framed-IP-Address gateway; HotSpot - ignored by HotSpot
• Framed-Pool - IP pool name (on the router) from which to get IP address for the client. If Framed-IP-Address is specified, this attribute is ignored
• Framed-IPv6-Prefix - Ipv6 prefix assigned for the client. Added in v5.8
• Mikrotik-Delegated-IPv6-Pool - IPv6 pool used for Prefix Delegation. Added in v5.9
• Delegated-IPv6-Prefix - IPv6 Prefix. Added in v6.43
• Delegated-IPv6-Prefix-Pool - IPv6 Prefix pool used for Prefix Delegation. Added in v6.43

NOTE: if Framed-IP-Address or Framed-Pool is specified it overrides remote-address in default configuration

• Idle-Timeout - overrides idle-timeout in the default configuration
• Session-Timeout - overrides session-timeout in the default configuration
• Port-Limit - maximal mumber of simultaneous connections using the same username (overrides te shared-users property of the HotSpot user profile)
• Class - cookie, will be included in Accounting-Request unchanged
• Framed-Route - routes to add on the server. Format is specified in RFC 2865 (Ch. 5.22), can be specified as many times as needed
• Filter-Id - firewall filter chain name. It is used to make a dynamic firewall rule. Firewall chain name can have suffix .in or .out, that will install rule only for incoming or outgoing traffic. Multiple Filter-id can be provided, but only last ones for incoming and outgoing is used. For PPPs - filter rules in ppp chain that will jump to the specified chain, if a packet has come to/from the client (that means that you should first create a ppp chain and make jump rules that would put actual traffic to this chain). The same applies for HotSpot, but the rules will be created in hotspot chain
• Mikrotik-Mark-Id - firewall mangle chain name (HotSpot only). The MikroTik RADIUS client upon receiving this attribute creates a dynamic firewall mangle rule with action=jump chain=hotspot and jump-target equal to the atribute value. Mangle chain name can have suffixes .in or .out, that will install rule only for incoming or outgoing traffic. Multiple Mark-id attributes can be provided, but only last ones for incoming and outgoing is used.
• Acct-Interim-Interval - interim-update for RADIUS client. PPP - if 0 uses the one specified in RADIUS client; HotSpot - only respected if radius-interim-update=received in HotSpot server profile
• MS-MPPE-Encryption-Policy - require-encryption property (PPPs only)
• MS-MPPE-Encryption-Types - use-encryption property, non-zero value means to use encryption (PPPs only)
• Ascend-Data-Rate - tx/rx data rate limitation if multiple attributes are provided, first limits tx data rate, second - rx data rate. If used together with Ascend-Xmit-Rate, specifies rx rate. 0 if unlimited. Ignored if Rate-Limit attribute is present
• Ascend-Xmit-Rate - tx data rate limitation. It may be used to specify tx limit only instead of sending two sequental Ascend-Data-Rate attributes (in that case Ascend-Data-Rate will specify the receive rate). 0 if unlimited. Ignored if Rate-Limit attribute is present
• MS-CHAP2-Success - auth. response if MS-CHAPv2 was used (for PPPs only)
• MS-MPPE-Send-Key, MS-MPPE-Recv-Key - encryption keys for encrypted PPPs provided by RADIUS server only is MS-CHAPv2 was used as authentication (for PPPs only)
• Ascend-Client-Gateway - client gateway for DHCP-pool HotSpot login method (HotSpot only)
• Mikrotik-Recv-Limit - total receive limit in bytes for the client
• Mikrotik-Recv-Limit-Gigawords - 4G (2^32) bytes of total receive limit (bits 32..63, when bits 0..31 are delivered in Mikrotik-Recv-Limit)
• Mikrotik-Xmit-Limit - total transmit limit in bytes for the client
• Mikrotik-Xmit-Limit-Gigawords - 4G (2^32) bytes of total transmit limit (bits 32..63, when bits 0..31 are delivered in Mikrotik-Recv-Limit)
• Mikrotik-Wireless-Forward - not forward the client's frames back to the wireless infrastructure if this attribute is set to '0' (Wireless only)
• Mikrotik-Wireless-Skip-Dot1x - disable 802.1x authentication for the particulat wireless client if set to non-zero value (Wireless only)
• Mikrotik-Wireless-Enc-Algo - WEP encryption algorithm: 0 - no encryption, 1 - 40-bit WEP, 2 - 104-bit WEP (Wireless only)
• Mikrotik-Wireless-Enc-Key - WEP encruption key for the client (Wireless only)
• Mikrotik-Wireless-VLANID - VLAN ID for the client (Wireless only)
• Mikrotik-Wireless-VLANID-type - VLAN ID type for the client. 0 - 802.1q tag and 1 - 802.1ad tag (Wireless only)
• Mikrotik-Switching-Filter - allows to create dynamic switch rules when authenticating clients with dot1x server.
• Mikrotik-Rate-Limit - Datarate limitation for clients. Format is: rx-rate[/tx-rate] [rx-burst-rate[/tx-burst-rate] [rx-burst-threshold[/tx-burst-threshold] [rx-burst-time[/tx-burst-time] [priority] [rx-rate-min[/tx-rate-min]]]] from the point of view of the router (so 'rx' is client upload, and 'tx' is client download). All rates should be numbers with optional 'k' (1,000s) or 'M' (1,000,000s). If tx-rate is not specified, rx-rate is as tx-rate too. Same goes for tx-burst-rate and tx-burst-threshold and tx-burst-time. If both rx-burst-threshold and tx-burst-threshold are not specified (but burst-rate is specified), rx-rate and tx-rate is used as burst thresholds. If both rx-burst-time and tx-burst-time are not specified, 1s is used as default. Priority takes values 1..8, where 1 implies the highest priority, but 8 - the lowest. If rx-rate-min and tx-rate-min are not specified rx-rate and tx-rate values are used. The rx-rate-min and tx-rate-min values can not exceed rx-rate and tx-rate values.
• Mikrotik-Group - Router local user group name (defines in /user group) for local users; HotSpot default profile for HotSpot users; PPP default profile name for PPP users.
• Mikrotik-Advertise-URL - URL of the page with advertisements that should be displayed to clients. If this attribute is specified, advertisements are enabled automatically, including transparent proxy, even if they were explicitly disabled in the corresponding user profile. Multiple attribute instances may be send by RADIUS server to specify additional URLs which are choosen in round robin fashion.
• Mikrotik-Advertise-Interval - Time interval between two adjacent advertisements. Multiple attribute instances may be send by RADIUS server to specify additional intervals. All interval values are treated as a list and are taken one-by-one for each successful advertisement. If end of list is reached, the last value is continued to be used.
• WISPr-Redirection-URL - URL, which the clients will be redirected to after successfull login
• WISPr-Bandwidth-Min-Up - minimal datarate (CIR) provided for the client upload
• WISPr-Bandwidth-Min-Down - minimal datarate (CIR) provided for the client download
• WISPr-Bandwidth-Max-Up - maxmal datarate (MIR) provided for the client upload
• WISPr-Bandwidth-Max-Down - maxmal datarate (MIR) provided for the client download
• WISPr-Session-Terminate-Time - time, when the user should be disconnected; in 'YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssTZD' form, where Y - year; M - month; D - day; T - separator symbol (must be written between date and time); h - hour (in 24 hour format); m - minute; s - second; TZD - time zone in one of these forms: '+hh:mm', '+hhmm', '-hh:mm', '-hhmm'

Note: the received attributes override the default ones (set in the default profile), but if an attribute is not received from RADIUS server, the default one is to be used.

Rate-Limit takes precedence over all other ways to specify data rate for the client. Ascend data rate attributes are considered second; and WISPr attributes takes the last precedence.

Here are some Rate-Limit examples:

• 128k - rx-rate=128000, tx-rate=128000 (no bursts)
• 64k/128M - rx-rate=64000, tx-rate=128000000
• 64k 256k - rx/tx-rate=64000, rx/tx-burst-rate=256000, rx/tx-burst-threshold=64000, rx/tx-burst-time=1s
• 64k/64k 256k/256k 128k/128k 10/10 - rx/tx-rate=64000, rx/tx-burst-rate=256000, rx/tx-burst-threshold=128000, rx/tx-burst-time=10s

Accounting-Request

The accounting request carries the same attributes as Access Request, plus these ones:

• Acct-Status-Type - Start, Stop, or Interim-Update
• Acct-Authentic - either authenticated by the RADIUS or Local authority (PPPs only)
• Class - RADIUS server cookie, as received in Access-Accept
• Acct-Delay-Time - how long does the router try to send this Accounting-Request packet

Stop and Interim-Update Accounting-Request

Additionally to the accounting start request, the following messages will contain the following attributes:

• Acct-Session-Time - connection uptime in seconds
• Acct-Input-Octets - bytes received from the client
• Acct-Input-Gigawords - 4G (2^32) bytes received from the client (bits 32..63, when bits 0..31 are delivered in Acct-Input-Octets)
• Acct-Input-Packets - nubmer of packets received from the client
• Acct-Output-Octets - bytes sent to the client
• Acct-Output-Gigawords - 4G (2^32) bytes sent to the client (bits 32..63, when bits 0..31 are delivered in Acct-Output-Octets)
• Acct-Output-Packets - number of packets sent to the client

Stop Accounting-Request

These packets will, additionally to the Interim Update packets, have:

• Acct-Terminate-Cause - session termination cause (see RFC 2866 ch. 5.10)

Change of Authorization

RADIUS disconnect and Change of Authorization (according to RFC3576) are supported as well. These attributes may be changed by a CoA request from the RADIUS server:

• Mikrotik-Group
• Mikrotik-Recv-Limit
• Mikrotik-Xmit-Limit
• Mikrotik-Rate-Limit
• Ascend-Data-Rate (only if Mikrotik-Rate-Limit is not present)
• Ascend-XMit-Rate (only if Mikrotik-Rate-Limit is not present)
• Mikrotik-Mark-Id
• Filter-Id
• Mikrotik-Advertise-Url
• Mikrotik-Advertise-Interval
• Session-Timeout
• Idle-Timeout
• Port-Limit

Note that it is not possible to change IP address, pool or routes that way - for such changes a user must be disconnected first.

MikroTik Specific RADIUS Attribute Numeric Values

Click here to get plain text attribute list of MikroTik specific attributes (FreeRadius comaptible) .

All Supported Attribute Numeric Values

Note: FreeRadius already has these attributes predefined. If you are using other radius server then use table below to create dictionary file

Troubleshooting

Radius 1 Mac Os Download

My radius server accepts authentication request from the client with 'Auth: Login OK:...', but the user cannot log on. The bad replies counter is incrementing under radius monitor.

This situation can occur, if the radius client and server have high delay link between them. Try to increase the radius client's timeout to 600ms or more instead of the default 300ms! Also, double check, if the secrets match on client and server!

Radius 1 Mac Os X

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Radius 1 Mac Os Catalina